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A guide to Roman numerals

by Trey Luerssen, FOXSports.com


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Updated: December 21, 2007, 1:37 AM EST
Think about this — there was a point in human history when everyone counted in Roman numerals. What a confusing, convoluted world that must have been. No wonder the Roman Empire was conquered by a bunch of Barbarians. No, not the Oakland Raiders.

These days, you only see Roman numerals in a few places. They show up in the title of Star Wars movies, on a few clocks and watches and in the title of Super Bowls.

This year is Super Bowl XLI. Wouldn't it be simpler to just say Super Bowl 41? Maybe. Unless you have just completed 5th grade math, or are an expert in Roman history, you may not know what next year's Super Bowl title will be. Or for that matter, what the correct Super Bowl name will be in 15 years.

We're here to help. We want you to be the smartest person at your Super Bowl party. We want you to win bar bets by correctly reciting the Roman numerals for every Super Bowl for the next 50 years.

Roman Numerals
The easy part of Roman numerals is you only have to remember seven letters. All Roman numberals are written with a combination of:
I = 1
V = 5
X = 10
L = 50
C = 100
D = 500
M = 1000

One through three are written by just adding an extra "I", much like an addition math problem. For instance:

I = 1
II = 2
III = 3

Now it gets a little bit tougher. The Roman numeral for the number four is more like a subtraction problem. You subtract the first number (letter) from the second:

IV = 4

As you go forward in Roman numerals, you use a combination of those two rules. If smaller numbers follow larger numbers, the numbers are added. If a smaller number precedes a larger number, the smaller number is subtracted from the larger. For example:

VIII = 5+3 = 8
IX = 10-1 = 9
XL = 50-10 = 40
XC = 100-10 = 90

Still confused? Let's try this again. When a letter is repeated one, two, or three times, add up the value that many times:

XXX = 10 + 10 + 10 = 30
MM = 2000

V, L, and D cannot be repeated. I, X, C, and M can be repeated up to 3 times.

If you have the urge to repeat a letter 4 times, instead use that letter preceding one of the two next larger values:

For 4, don't use IIII, but instead IV
(I subtracted from V)
For 9, don't use VIIII or VIV, but instead IX
(I subtracted from X)

Similar rules apply for 40, 90, 400, 900. Write the resulting groups in descending order:

794 = 500 + 200 + 90 + 4
= D + CC + XC + IV
= DCCXCIV

Got it? OK, just so there are no questions, here is 1-100 and beyond spelled out:

ROMAN NUMERAL TABLE
1 I 14 XIV 27 XXVII 40 XL 53 LIII 66 LXVI 79 LXXIX 92 XCII
2 II 15 XV 28 XXVIII 41 XLI 54 LIV 67 LXVII 80 LXXX 93 XCIII
3 III 16 XVI 29 XXIX 42 XLII 55 LV 68 LXVIII 81 LXXXI 94 XCIV
4 IV 17 XVII 30 XXX 43 XLIII 56 LVI 69 LXIX 82 LXXXII 95 XCV
5 V 18 XVIII 31 XXXI 44 XLIV 57 LVII 70 LXX 83 LXXXIII 96 XCVI
6 VI 19 XIX 32 XXXII 45 XLV 58 LVIII 71 LXXI 84 LXXXIV 97 XCVII
7 VII 20 XX 33 XXXIII 46 XLVI 59 LIX 72 LXXII 85 LXXXV 98 XCVIII
8 VIII 21 XXI 34 XXXIV 47 XLVII 60 LX 73 LXXIII 86 LXXXVI 99 XCIX
9 IX 22 XXII 35 XXXV 48 XLVIII 61 LXI 74 LXXIV 87 LXXXVII 100 C
10 X 23 XXIII 36 XXXVI 49 XLIX 62 LXII 75 LXXV 88 LXXXVIII 101 CI
11 XI 24 XXIV 37 XXXVII 50 L 63 LXIII 76 LXXVI 89 LXXXIX 150 CL
12 XII 25 XXV 38 XXXVIII 51 LI 64 LXIV 77 LXXVII 90 XC 500 D
13 XIII 26 XXVI 39 XXXIX 52 LII 65 LXV 78 LXXVIII 91 XCI 1,000 M


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